How do things get colder?
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© 2001-2003 Seaside Computing
The latter two are used extensively in the design of refrigeration equipment. If you place
two objects together so that they remain touching, and one is hot and one is cold, heat will
flow from the hot object into the cold object. This is called conduction. This is an
easy concept to grasp and is rather like gravitational potential, where a ball will try to roll
down an inclined plane. If you were to fan a hot plate of food it would cool somewhat. Some of the heat from the food would be carried away by the air molecules. When heat is transferred by a substance in the gaseous state the process is called
convection. And if you kicked a glowing hot ember away from a bonfire, and you watched it glowing dimmer and dimmer, it is cooling itself by
radiating heat away. Note that
an object doesn’t have to be glowing in order to radiate heat, all things use combinations
of these methods to come to equilibrium with their surroundings. So you can see that in order to refrigerate something, we must find a way to expose our object to something that is colder than itself and nature will take over from there. We are getting closer to talking about the actual mechanics of a refrigerating system, but there are some other important concepts to discuss first.
The States of Matter
They are of course; solid, liquid and gas. It is important to note that heat must be added
to a substance to make it change state from solid to liquid and from liquid to a gas. It is just as
important to note that heat must be removed from a substance to make it change state from a gas
to a liquid and from a liquid to a solid.
The Magic of Latent Heat

Long ago it was found that we needed a way to quantify heat. Something more precise than "less
heat" or "more heat" or "a great deal of heat" was required. This was a fairly easy task to
accomplish. They took 1 Lb. of water and heated it 1 degree Fahrenheit.
The amount of heat that was required to do this was called 1 BTU
(British Thermal Unit). The refrigeration industry has long since utilized this definition. You can for example purchase a 6000 BTUH window air conditioner. This would be a unit that is capable of relocating 6000 BTU's of heat per hour. A larger unit capable of 12,000 BTUH could also be called a one Ton unit. There are
12,000 BTU's in 1 Ton.
To raise the temperature of 1 LB of water from 40 degrees to 41 degrees would take 1 BTU. To
raise the temperature of 1 LB of water from 177 degrees to 178 degrees would also take 1 BTU.
However, if you tried raising the temperature of water from 212 degrees to 213 degrees you
would not be able to do it. Water boils at 212 degrees and would prefer to change into a gas
rather than let you get it any hotter. Something of utmost importance occurs at the boiling
point of a substance. If you did a little experiment and added 1 BTU of heat at a time to
1 LB of water, you would notice that the water temperature would increase by 1 degree each
time. That is until you reached 212 degrees. Then something changes. You would keep adding
BTU's, but the water would not get any hotter! It would change state into a gas and it would
take 970 BTU's to vapourize that pound of water. This is called the Latent Heat of Vapourization
and in the case of water it is 970 BTU's per pound.
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HVAC Training Index
| 3 Phase |
| 4 way reversing valve |
| AB |
| Absolute Zero |
| AC |
| access valves |
| accessories |
| accumulator |
| Accurator |
| Add On Heat Pump |
| adiabatic |
| AEV |
| AFUE |
| AHU |
| air (components of) |
| Air Conditioning |
| air (conditions of) |
| air filtration |
| alkylbenzene oil |
| All Electric Heat Pump |
| Alternating Current |
| amperage,  also |
| Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency |
| anti-short-cycling device |
| anticipation |
| ASHRAE |
| atom |
| Automatic Expansion Valve |
| Azeotrope |
| Back Seated |
| Balance Point |
| barometer |
| bi-metal disk |
| Bourdon |
| Boyle's Law |
| British Thermal Unit |
| BTU |
| bull headed tee |
| burn outs |
| capacitor |
| Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor |
| Capacitor Start Induction Run Motor |
| capillary line |
| Celsius |
| centrifugal compressor |
| ceramic capacitor |
| charging |
| Charle's Law |
| check valve |
| Close Coupled |
| Class 1 conversion |
| Class 2 conversion |
| coalescing oil separators |
| compressors |
| compressor driver |
| Compressor Efficiency Test |
| condensate line |
| condensate pan |
| Condenser Dampers |
| condensing medium |
| Condensing Unit |
| conduction (electrical) |
| conduction (thermal) |
| conductor (thermal) |
| controls |
| Constant Cut In Control |
| convection |
| cooling anticipation |
| cooling load |
| cooling tower |
| COP,    also |
| Coulomb |
| CPRV |
| cracked |
| crankcase heater |
| CSIR |
| CSCR |
| current relay |
| cut in |
| cut out |
| Daulton's Law |
| DC |
| Defrost Termination Thermostat |
| design temperature |
| Dew Point |
| Defrost Termination Stat |
| dielectric |
| Direct Current |
| Discharge Service Valve |
| discharge temperature |
| distributor |
| drop in replacement |
| DSV |
| EER |
| EEV |
| electric defrost |
| Electro-Magnetism |
| electrolytic capacitor |
| Electromotive Force |
| Electronic Expansion Valve |
| EMF |
| energy |
| Energy Efficiency Ratio |
| enthalpy |
| enthalpy controls |
| entropy |
| EPRV |
| evacuation,  also |
| Evaporative Condenser |
| Fahrenheit |
| fan cycling |
| Fan Delay Thermostat |
| fan rotation |
| fan speed controller |
| filters (air) |
| filters (refrigerant) |
| Fixed orifice |
| flash gas |
| flammability |
| Fresh Air |
| Free Cooling |
| front seated |
| gases |
| Gas Laws |
| gauge |
| gauge manifold set |
| Hand Operated Expansion Valve |
| hand valve |
| Head Pressure Control |
| heat |
| heat anticipation |
| Heat of Compression |
| Heat Pumps |
| Heating Seasonal Performance Factor |
| helical oil separators |
| HEPA |
| hermetic compressor |
| Hertz |
| High Side Float |
| High Side Restriction |
| holding circuit |
| Hop Scotch Method (troubleshooting) |
| Hot Gas Bypass Regulator |
| hot gas defrost |
| Hot Wire Relay |
HSPF HVAC Training Basics HVAC Training Advanced HVAC Training - Troubleshooting Electrical HVAC Training - Troubleshooting Mechanical |
| hygroscopic |
| hydrostatic pressure |
| human comfort zone |
| humidity |
| impedance |
| impingement oil separators |
| incremental unit |
| insulation (electrical) |
| insulation (thermal) |
| Kelvin |
| King Valve |
| Latent Heat |
| ladder schematic |
| lead-lag |
| Line Tap Valve |
| liquid/vapour interface |
| Liquid Line Filter/Drier |
| Liquid Line Solenoid Valve |
| liquid slugging |
| LLSV |
| lock out circuit |
| Locked Rotor Amperage |
| Low Side Float |
| low voltage controls |
| LRA |
| magnetism |
| MAT |
| Mechanical Cooling |
| MegOhm |
| Mercury |
| mercury bulb thermostat |
| Metering Device |
| MFD |
| micron |
| micron gauge |
| Mid Seated |
| migration |
| mineral oil |
| Minimum Fresh Air |
| Mixed Air |
| MO |
| molecule |
| Mollier Charts |
| motor theory |
| motor types |
| muffler |
| multiple stages |
| Non-Recycling Pump Down |
| OAT |
| ODS |
| ODS conversions |
| OEM |
| off cycle defrost |
| Ohm |
| Ohm's Law |
| oil failure controls |
| oil separator |
| oil slugging |
| open compressor |
| ORD |
| ORI |
| OROA |
| Ozone Depleting Substance |
| Packaged Systems |
| PAG |
| Parallel Drop |
| Permanent Split Capacitor Motor |
| phosgene |
| piping |
| POE |
| polyalkylglycol oil |
| polyolester oil |
| potential relay |
| pressure |
| pressure control |
| Pressure-Enthalpy Diagrams |
| Pressure Temperature Relationship |
| PSC |
| PSIG |
| Psychometrics |
| P-Trap |
| PTC |
| PT Charts |
| PTCR |
| pump down |
| Radiation |
| Rankine |
| receiver |
| reciprocating compressor |
| reclaim |
| recover |
| recycle |
| refractometer |
| refrigerant leaks |
| refrigerant oils |
| refrigerants |
| Refrigerant Side Head Pressure Control |
| Refrigeration (definition of) |
| Refrigeration loop |
| relay |
| resistance |
| retrofitting ODS |
| reuse |
| reverse cycle defrost |
| rotary compressor |
| rotor |
| run capacitor |
| running burn out |
| safety |
| safety controls |
| saturated conditions |
| Schraeder Valve |
| screw compressor |
| scroll compressor |
| Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio |
| Secondary Refrigerant |
| SEER |
| semi-hermetic compressor |
| Sensible Heat |
| Service Valves |
| set back |
| Shaded Pole Motor |
| short cycling |
| sight glass |
| Specific Heat |
| Split Phase Motors |
| Split Systems |
| Squirrel Cage |
| Start Capacitor |
| stator |
| Subcooling |
| Suction Cut-Off |
| suction filter |
| suction/liquid heat exchanger |
| Suction Service Valve |
| Superheat |
| SSV |
| tackifed |
| Temperature |
| TEV |
| TD (Temperature Difference) |
| Thermal Starting Relays |
| Thermostatic Expansion Valve |
| thermostat - low voltage |
| three phase motors |
| time delay fuses |
| time delay relays |
| Ton |
| toxicity |
| transformer |
| troubleshooting |
| TXV |
| unloader |
| vacuum |
| vibration absorber |
| vibration loop |
| voltage |
| wall mounted thermostats |
| water cooled condensers |
| water cooled system |
| water regulator valve |
| Zeotrope |
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